In this situation, the management of transmission by prevention and screening of COVID-19 is the best advice.
6 Transmission through blood transfusion, solid organ transplantation, and mother-to-neonate vertical transmission have no convincing evidence and need further studies.The possibility of transmitting the virus through environmental factors such as virus-contaminated wastewater and airborne dust is under investigation. 4, 5 Transmission of the virus can occur through human respiratory droplets or contact with virus-infected surfaces. 3 New reports declare the effect of virus genome mutation on the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of viruses. Age, sex, having risk factors, and country regions can be affected by the case-fatality rate. Although COVID-19 has lower case fatality, its transmissibility was proved to be higher than other respiratory viruses based on R0 value calculation. 2 In the 20th century, the three of seven members of Coronaviruses family (SARS-2003, MERS-2012, and COVID-19–2020 ) have been the cause of the highest death rate from pneumonia after lower respiratory tract replication. 1 This new emerging zoonotic reservoir virus with one or more probable mammal intermediate hosts has received the human transmission ability like the other six Coronaviruses family members, especially alpha and beta subfamilies (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and 2019-nCoV ).
This review covers almost all SARS-CoV-2-related topics extensively to deepen the understanding of the latest achievements (last updated on January 11, 2022).īased on the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration, the total reported cases of the ongoing global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), naming Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), as of 5:48 pm CEST, January 11, 2022, have been more than 311,316,780 confirmed cases with 5,514,603 deaths, with a very sharp increase in the number of new cases because of accelerated Omicron variant transmission (designated by WHO on November 26, 2021) in the world.
Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanoscience/nanotechnology in identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 were discussed. Thereafter, the preclinical animal models of COVID-19 were discussed to frame the symptoms and clinical effects of COVID-19 from patient to patient with treatment strategies and in-silico/computational biology. First, biological characteristics of COVID-19 were explained from diagnosis standpoint. We comprehensively review and summarize different aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. There is also growing public anxiety from time to time mutation of COVID-19, as reflected in considerable mortality and transmission, respectively, from delta and Omicron variants. The emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques considering the multiplicity of reports from one side and contradictions in assessments from the other side necessitates instantaneous updates on the progress of clinical investigations. Since the rapid onset of the COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the world in 2019, extensive studies have been conducted to unveil the behavior and emission pattern of the virus in order to determine the best ways to diagnosis of virus and thereof formulate effective drugs or vaccines to combat the disease.
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